英語論文開題報告11篇
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英語論文開題報告1
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.「1」 「2」
2outline
development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”
英語論文開題報告2
論文題目：the Application and Innovation
一、選題的意義和研究現狀
1．選題的目的、理論意義和現實意義
長時期以來, 人們視艾米莉?勃朗特為英國文學中的“斯芬克斯”。關于她本人和她的作品都有很多難解之謎, 許多評論家從不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的結論, 因而往往是舊謎剛解, 新謎又出, 解謎熱潮似永無休止。
本文立足于歐美文學中的哥特傳統研究《呼嘯山莊》的創作源泉, 指出艾米莉 勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環境刻畫、意象及情節構造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統, 同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力, 將現實與超現實融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達到了哥特形式與激情內容的完美統一, 使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”, 又超越了維多利亞時代的“現實主義”, 從而展現出獨具一格、經久不衰的藝術魅力。
2．與選題相關的國內外研究和發展概況
二、研究方案
1．研究的基本內容及預期的結果（大綱）
研究的基本內容:本文立足于歐美文學中的哥特傳統研究《呼嘯山莊》的創作源泉, 指出艾米莉勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環境刻畫、意象及情節構造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統, 同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力, 將現實與超現實融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達到了哥特形式與激情內容的完美統一, 使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”, 又超越了維多利亞時代的“現實主義”, 從而展現出獨具一格、經久不衰的藝術魅力。
預期的結果（大綱）:
1．A Survey of Gothic
1.1 Definition of Gothic
2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1 Theme
2.1.1 Good and Evil
2.2 Characters Description
2.2.1 Villainhero
2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl
2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot
2.3.1 Terror
2.3.2 Mystery
2.3.3 Supernatural
3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1 Change of the Background
3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness
3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2. Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology
2．擬采用的研究方法 主要有資料查找、理論探討研究、閱讀法
3.研究所需條件和可能存在的問題
研究所需條件：紙張、打印設備、圖書館、互聯網上獲取國內外文獻資料；可能存在的問題：(1)文獻不足; 。
(2) 由于個人的觀點和能力，使對研究對象分析不夠全面和深入。
三、研究進度安排、參考文獻及審查意見
1．研究進度安排
（1）論文指導第一周（學期第八周）：學生完成初稿。
（2）論文指導第二周（學期第九周）：指導教師審閱論文初稿后發回修改。
（3）論文指導第三周（學期第十周）：學生交論文第二稿。
（4）論文指導第四周（學期第十一周）：指導教師審閱第二稿并發回給學生進一步修改。
（5）論文指導第五周（學期第十二周）：定稿
（6）論文指導第六周（學期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和電子文本。
（7）論文指導第六周（學期第十三周）：本周星期五至論文指導第七周（學期第周）星期五，指導教師和評閱教師寫評語，學生做好答辯準備。
（8）論文指導第七周（學期第十四周）：星期三至論文指導第八周（學期第十五周）開展答辯工作。
2. 應收集資料及主要參考文獻（不少于8條）
[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press.
[3] Marie, MulveyRoberts. ed. 1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.
[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6.
[7] 肖明翰. 20xx. 英美文學中的哥特傳統[J]. 外國文學評論第3期.
[8] 鮮于靜. 20xx. 神秘和怪誕的魅力??福克納小說《八月之光》的哥特藝術研究[MA]. 中國學位論文全文庫.
英語論文開題報告3
英語論文的寫作，主要用于參加國際學術研討會，促進中外學術文化交流，同學們可以圍繞著這個點開展論文。
英語論文開題報告范例
一、論文題目：Classroom Interaction And Oral English Teaching
二、研究現狀：
對于課堂互動與英語口語教學之間的關系，國內的研究主要集中在：
(1)構建主義模式 它是以構建主義理論為基礎的互動模式，司洪海在《構建主義理論與英語口語教學》中從對現有教學模式的反思入手，探討將構建主義引入英語課堂教學的必要性、可行性及其意義和作用。盧艷春和路雅琴在《構建主義與大學英語口語課堂教學》中則分別從構建知識觀構建學習觀構建教學觀入手，強調以學生為中心的主動性、構建性。
(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大學英語課堂互動教學中角色扮演探究》中著重探討了在角色扮演的互動教學中教師的作用，對指導教學實踐具有重要的意義。而黃玉蘭在《角色扮演引入英語專業口語教學中》從角色扮演是多為互動英語口語教學模式的應用探討了角色扮演這一教學方法的目的、步驟和利弊等方面。
(3)以學生為中心模式 這一模式被單獨研究的較少，黃影秋在《以學生為中心提高英語口語課堂教學效果的探索中》通過對學生口語課堂學習存在的問題的分析，提倡以學生為中心，實現教與學的雙邊互動。并提出闡述如何運用其他教學策略提高口語的教學效果，促進學生交際能力的提高。而劉蓉在《談英語口語課堂互動》中則提出了互動可以創造以學生為中心的口語課堂和整體小組作業模式，提高口語交際能力。
(4)合作性學習模式 這種模式的研究較為普遍和盛行，它興起于美國，在后來取得實質性的進展的一種教學理論與策略。黃艷在《合作性學習在大學英語課堂的應用》中提出了以下幾種合作模式，從而的出該模式的優勢所在。顧曉樂在《合作性學習與情景劇表演》中從情劇表演的角度來證明合作性學習的有效性。肖巧玲在《大學英語口語教學中的合作學習》中則通過合作學習在口語教學中的實踐探究合作學習應注意的原則。而慕東文在《合作性學習的特點、目標、內容和實踐策略》一文中，他用人文精神和平等民主合作原則，對待新的理念，指導英語口語教學。
(5)情景設置模式 它主要是根據Gillian BrownGeorge Yuled的語言情景對第二語言習得者的交際緊張、焦慮的研究表明口語情景設置不適當，會影響學生用目標語進行交流，進而強調進行口語教學情景設置的重要性。張舍茹、孫邊旗在《英語口語教學的情景設置》中就論述我們應注意情景互動教學中應遵循的原則，及如何設置英語口語教學中情景設置的形式兩個小方面局部性的探討了情景設置這種互動模式。孫久榮在《論英語口語課的情景教學》中對情景設置這個模式從宏觀上進行了分類，進而得出開放式情景和封閉式情景，為情景設置互動模式研究開辟了一個小領域。
三、研究的目的及意義：
通過對目前已經發展起來并比較成熟的幾種互動模式的歸納來看：關于人際互動這種互動模式在目前的互動性研究中被單獨研究還比較少，沒有被當作一種獨立的模式應用到英語口語課堂教學中，它更多的是被貫穿到其他幾種互動模式當中。因此，本論題認為它還有進一步研究的空間。
四、研究的理論依據和研究方法：
本論題將以教育心理學的理論為基礎，以互動理論和構建主義理論為依據，運用歸納總結的方法對已有的研究進行宏觀上的概述，從而引出本文論題，通過例證分析、驗證人際互動模式對課堂英語口語教學效果的提高所具有的重要意義。
五、提綱：
Introduction
Chapter One Definition and Theoretical Basis of Interaction
1.1 Definition of Interaction
1.2 Theoretical Basis of Interaction
1.3 Some Main Interactive Modes in the Present Classroom
Chapter Two The Necessity And The Principles of Following InteractionTeaching Mode
2.1 The Disadvantage of Traditional Oral English Teaching Mode
2.2 The Necessity and Merit of Taking InteractionTeaching Mode
2.3 Oral English InteractionTeaching Mode Should Follow the Principles
Chapter Three Personal Interaction in the Oral English Teaching
3.1 The Relationship Between the Teacher and Students
3.2 Two Types of Personal Interaction
3.3 Classroom Climate
3.4 Classroom Size
Chapter Four The Evaluation of the Interactive Oral English Teaching Mode
4.1 Some Principles Should Follow When Evaluating
4.2 The Concept of Evaluating
4.3 The Technology of Evaluating
Conclusion
六、參考文獻
Jonssen, DHThinking Technology: Toward a Constructivist Design Model .Educational Technolgy. 3 (1994)： 3435.
Littlewood, William. Communicative Language Teaching .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .1981.
盧艷春， 路雅琴。構建主義與大學英語口語教學。 前沿雜志。 11 (20xx)：98100.
司洪海。構建主義理論與英語口語教學。 基礎英語教育。 4 (20xx)：89.
吳蕾。構建主義在英語口語教學中的應用。() 東華大學學報(社科版)。7 (20xx)：2324.
范雄飛， 黃玉蘭。把角色扮演引入英語專業口語教學之中。讀與寫雜志。 9 (20xx)：3537.
徐志敏， 王瑛。大學英語課堂互動教學中角色扮演探究。 外語研究。 8 (20xx)：5657.
黃影秋。以學生為中心提高英語口語課堂效果。 濟南職業學院學報。 3 (20xx)： 8188.
何亞娟。中學英語課堂互動教學的探索與實踐。 渭南師院學報。 12 (20xx)： 7273.
顧曉樂， 黃芙蓉。合作學習與情景劇表演。 國外外語教學。 2 (20xx)：5556.
黃艷。合作性學習在大學英語課堂的應用。 長沙大學學報。 10 (20xx)：145146.
慕東文。合作性學習的特點、目標、內容和實踐策略。 甘肅農業。 6 (20xx)：304305.
孫邊旗，張舍茹。英語口語教學的情景設置。 教育理論與實踐 8 (20xx)：3739.
孫久榮。論英語口語課的情景教學。 遼陽師專學報 21 (20xx)：8789.
英語論文開題報告4
系別：外語系 專業：英 語 所選題目名稱：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
課題研究現狀：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of presentday English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason （1976） pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms （ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function）。 Another scholar, Fernando C. （1996）， also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin （1994, 1996）， Zhu Yongsheng （1995, 1996, 1997） and Zhang Delu （1994） mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
課題研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
課題研究內容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. Introduction.
2. A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms.
3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion.
3.2 Functional Categories.
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms.
4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5. Conclusion.
課題研究計劃：
January 22March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline.
March 26April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion.
June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence.
主要參考文獻：
[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx
[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋。 英語詞匯學引論[M]. 武漢大學出版社，1987
[6] 陸國強。 現代英語詞匯學[M]. 上海外語教育出版社， 1999
[7] 汪榕培， 盧曉娟。 英語詞匯學教程[M]. 上海外語教育出版社， 1999
指導教師意見：
簽字：xx年xx月xx日
領導小組意見：xxx
英語論文開題報告5
系別:外語系 專業:英 語 所選題目名稱:
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
一、課題研究現狀:
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary、The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages、Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function)、Another scholar, Fernando C、(1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
二、課題研究目的:
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them、It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
三、課題研究內容:
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken、This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1、Introduction
2、A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms
3、Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion
3.2 Functional Categories
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms
4、The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5、Conclusion
四、課題研究計劃:
January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline
March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion
June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence
五、主要參考文獻:
[1] Fernando, C、Idioms and Idiomaticity、Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx
[2] Halliday, M.A.K、and R、Hason、Cohesion in English、Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G、and M、Johnson、Metaphors We Live By、University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A、Idiom Structure in English、The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋、英語詞匯學引論[M]、武漢大學出版社，1987
[6] 陸國強、現代英語詞匯學[M]、上海外語教育出版社, 1999
[7] 汪榕培, 盧曉娟、英語詞匯學教程[M]、上海外語教育出版社, 1999
英語論文開題報告6
1. Research Intention
Tess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess. In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed. We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear. At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable. The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.
2. Literary Review
From the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time. After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives. For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess. According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity. Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view. For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry. Mr. Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel. In China, Prof. Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works. There are
3. Research Process
This paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personaliti
es. Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors. The following is the outline of the paper. Part 1. Introduction
This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.
1.1Thomas Hardy and his works
1.2Tess of the D’urbervilles
Part 2. Causes for the tragedy of Tess
The cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.
2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmers
This novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England. The writer truthfully dehttps://p.9136.com/28e hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.
2.2Alec and Clare
In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly. There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate. She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec--- the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare --- the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy. It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.
2.3 The weakness of her character
Apart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate. Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society. She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles. She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.
2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factors
The last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious
and incidental factors. Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel. Part 3. Conclusion
It is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.
4. Conclusion
Through studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life; maybe she would finish her life peacefully. It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy. But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.
Bibliography
［1］Chen Jia. Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 20xx
［2］Chenxia. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”
［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998(2):100-102
［3］Huangjing. On the causes of the tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Northwest
Minorities University (social science), 20xx, (3):95-98
［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing
Teachers’ College, 20xx, (2):65-66
［5］Liu Yafei. Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation
& Translation Press, 20xx
［7］Wang Lili.Comments on the Tragedy of Tessa［J］.Journal of Chengde
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英語論文開題報告7
摘要
中國一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對每個中國人來說是非常重要的，無論是會見親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開禮儀。禮儀被認為是一個人道德修養的表現，一個人若毫無禮儀可言，那么他在學習或工作時都將不會很順利，因為沒有人愿意和這樣一個人相處。 由于社交禮儀在我們的生活中扮演了越來越重要的角色，我在選課的時候就選修了社交禮儀這門課程。通過這一個學期的學習，我從老師那里學到了許多有關社交禮儀方面的知識，不僅拓寬了知識面，而且許多東西在我的日常生活和以后的工作中都有很大用處，比如商務禮儀。
如今隨著世界經濟的發展，特別是全球經濟一體化的不斷形成，各國間的聯系加強，商務往來增多，如何才能在眾多企業中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關系，建立良好優雅的企業形象，此時，商務禮儀便起到了一個十分重要的作用。商務禮儀顧名思義就是商務活動中對人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時也約束了商務活動中的某些方面。而在商務往來中，任何一個表現都可能會導致意想不到的結果，也許是一塊手表，也許是一頓晚餐。
學習了商務禮儀之后更加讓我意識到了這一點。學習商務禮儀最主要的是可以提高個人的素養。比爾蓋茨曾講過，企業競爭，是員工素質的競爭，進而到企業，就是企業形象的競爭，教養體現細節，細節展示素質，可見一個人的素養高低對企業的發展是多么重要啊！其次是為了交際應酬，因為商務活動中畢竟是離不開這個的，在不同的交往活動中我們會遇到不同的人，而面對不同的人怎樣進行交往也是一門藝術，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關鍵的。最后便是有助于維護企業形象。在商務交往中，個人便代表了整體，個人的所作所為，一舉一動，一言一行，就是企業的典型活體廣告。
下面將從以下幾點來對我所學習的知識進行總結：
一、禮儀概述
1交際與禮儀產生的歷史背景
人類最早的禮儀活動也就是禮儀萌芽時期，可以追朔到原始社會， 當時的禮儀較為簡單和虔誠且不具備階級性，禮儀的內容包括；制定了明確血緣關系的婚嫁禮儀；區別部族內部尊卑等級的禮制；為祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠儀式；制定一些人們在相互交往時表示禮節表示恭敬的動作。
禮儀形成的具體時期則是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世紀公元前771年）人類逐步進入奴隸社會，階級開始形成，統治階級為了鞏固自己的統治地位把原始宗教禮儀發展成為符合奴隸社會政治需要的禮制。在這個階段中國第一次形成了比較完整的國家禮儀與制度，隨著生產力的發展，商業逐步開始出現，直到春秋戰國時期，禮儀制度開始變革，禮儀范圍擴大，商業在社會中逐步被認可，人們因為商務活動而進行的往來也逐步增多，并在商務活動中的交際中另外形成了一套禮儀制度商務禮儀。
到歐洲中世紀，工業革命的出現 使得生產力空前的發展，歐洲各國開始逐步入資本主義，商業占據了社會經濟的主導地位，資本家大量聚集了社會財富，新貴由此族誕生，資本家之間的商務往來與交際范圍開始擴大，貴族之間定期的聚會則成為了重要的交際方式之一，在交際中所產生的禮儀日漸完善，由此，商務禮儀也正式形成。部分內容沿用至今。 2禮儀的含義及種類
禮儀是規范自己、尊重他人的一種行為規范，是表現對他人尊重和理解的過程和手段。。禮儀中的禮字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而禮儀中的儀就是儀式，是一種尊重自己，尊重他人的表現形式。它是人際交往中必不可少的一種手過程，是塑造形像的手段，是人們生
活和社會交往中逐漸形成的行為規范和禮儀規范。
禮儀的種類分有多種，主要有以下大類：
1.古代禮儀。中國自古以來就是禮儀之邦，禮儀文明作為中國傳統文化的一個重要組成部分，對中國社會歷史發展起了廣泛深遠的影響，其內容是十分豐富的，很多古代禮儀文化到今天仍然有積極、普片意義的文明禮儀，如：尊老敬賢，儀尚適宜，禮貌待人，容儀有整。尊老敬賢，我國自原始社會就已經逐漸形成的禮儀，在古代社會，人際的政治倫理關系均以氏族、家庭的血緣關系為紐帶，故此在家庭里面遵從祖上，在社會尊敬長輩，是古代禮儀的典型例子。而由于中國古代社會推崇禮治和仁政，敬賢已經成為一種歷史的'要求。孟子說：養老尊賢，俊杰在位，則有慶古代這種傳統禮儀，對于形成有序和諧的倫理關系，不管過去和現代，都起著重要作用。儀尚適宜，，是指一些中國傳統節日的各種特定的禮俗和規定。每個諸如春節，元宵，中秋都有其各自的禮俗和講究。在今天我們依然保持著這些優良傳統，并且貴在適宜，如《二程集》中所說奢自文生，文過則奢，不足為儉，可見，儀式的規模在于得當，避免奢侈浪費。禮貌待人，是任何一個文明社會，任何一個文明民族都十分重視的。因為禮貌是人類社會構建起與他人和睦相處的橋梁，它標志這一個社會的文明程序，是中華民族文化的優良傳統。容儀有整，是其修養、文明程度的表現。古人認為，容儀有整不僅是能夠保持個人的尊嚴，還有助于進德修業。它反映出一個人的修養和生活態度。
2.禮儀的第二大類是社交禮儀。社交禮儀，顧名思義，就是指現代人際交往中流行的各種禮儀，如服務禮儀，商務禮儀，學校禮儀，職場工作禮儀等，它概括了在現代社交場合中各種禮儀行為。社交禮儀是指人們在人際交往過程中所具備的基本素質，交際能力等。社交在當今社會人際交往中發揮的作用愈顯重要。通過社交，人們可以溝通心靈，建立深厚友誼，取得支持與幫助；通過社交，人們可以互通信息，共享資源，對取得事業成功大有獲益。社交禮儀是指在人際交往和國際交往活動中，用于表示尊重、親善和友好的首選行為規范和慣用形式。這一定義包含了以下幾層意思：第一，社交禮儀是一種道德行為規范。規范就是規矩、章法、條條框框，也就是說社交禮儀是對人的行為進行約束的條條框框，告訴你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老師辦公室辦事，進門前要先敲門，若不敲門就直接闖進去是失禮的。社交禮儀比起法律、紀律，其約束力要弱得多，違反社交禮儀規范，只能讓別人產生厭惡[2]，別人不能對你進行制裁，為此，社交禮儀的約束要靠道德修養的自律。 第二，社交禮儀的直接目的是表示對他人的尊重。尊重是社交禮儀的本質。人都有被尊重的高級精神需要，當在社會交往活動過程中，按照社交禮儀的要求去做，就會使人獲得尊重的滿足，從而獲得愉悅，由此達到人與人之間關系的和諧。 第三，社交禮儀的根本目的是為了維護社會正常的生活秩序。沒有它，社會正常的生活秩序就會遭到破壞，在這方面，它和法律、紀律共同起作用，也正是因為這一目的，無論是資本主義社會還是社會主義社會都非常重視社交禮儀規范建設。 第四，社交禮儀要求在人際交往、社會交往活動中遵守。這是它的范圍，超出這個范圍，社交禮儀規范就不一定適用了
二、禮儀對未來職業生涯的影響分析
商務禮儀能展示企業的文明程度、管理風格和道德水準，塑造企業形象。良好的企業形象是企業的無形資產，無疑可以為企業帶來直接的經濟效益。一個人講究禮儀，就會在眾人面前樹立良好的個人形象；一個組織的成員講究禮儀，就會為自己的組織樹立良好的形象，贏得公眾的贊譽。現代市場競爭除了產品競爭外，更體現在形象競爭。一個良好信譽和形象的公司或企業，就容易獲得社會各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市場競爭中處于不敗之地。
英語論文開題報告8
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science、From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence、Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective、Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community、Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation、The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive、The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned、Translation phenomena are noted down、With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice、I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS、"Norm" is operative at every stage of description and explanation、Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies、Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions、Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
英語論文開題報告9
一、選題來源、目的和意義：
本選題重在研究中西文化之間的差異以及這些差異對商務談判的影響，最后得出商務談判應該采用的策略。
隨著我國加入WTO，國際貿易和對外交往將日益頻繁，國家與國家之間、企業與企業之間、個人與個人之間，由于存在經濟利益的協調，無時無處不需要談判。出口商和進口商要消除分歧，達成一項公平的相互之間滿意的交易，大多是通過商務談判才能做到的。因此與外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商務談判在社會、政治、經濟生活中的地位越來越重要。因此，和外商談判打交道的時候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的細節，那些都有可能是成敗的關鍵。只有正確探悉、學習和熟悉不同國家的文化差異，意識到他們的重要性，才能更好地探討商務談判的策略，為最后談判的成功奠定基礎和提供理論依據。
二、課題的主要內容(項目概要)：
1.談判與文化的綜述
2.文化差異因素對國際商務談判的影響
2.1 語言和非語言差異的影響
2.2 思維方式差異的影響
2.3 價值觀念差異的影響
3.應對商務談判文化差異問題的對策
3.1 樹立跨文化的談判意識
3.2 談判前做好充足的準備
3.3 懂得談判對方的語言
3.4 對待文化問題應持有的態度
4.結尾
三、實施計劃(設計工作的主要階段、進度和完成時間等)：
11月11日 畢業論文動員大會
11月12日-12月1日 下達任務書
12月 2日-12月31日 確定論文題目
1月1日—1月31日 進行文獻資料的收集、篩選、做讀書筆記。
2月1日—2月28日 完成論文詳細提綱，交指導老師修改，補充。
3月1日—3月30日 進行畢業論文初稿寫作。
4月1日—5月19日 畢業論文修改。
5月20日—6月5日 畢業論文定稿、裝訂、答辯。
四、參考文獻：
<1>李信，《中西方文化比較概論》，航空工業出版社，20xx.6
<2>李郁、張泳，淺談國際商務談判中的跨文化問題及對策[J]，商業研究，20xx.7
<3>廖瑛，《外貿談判英語》，對外經濟貿易大學出版社，20xx.2
<4>肖云南，《國際商務談判》，清華大學和北方交通大學出版社，20xx.5
<5>楊晶，《商務談判》，清華大學出版社，20xx.1
<6>姚立，《商務談判—理論、實務、風格》，中國城市出版社，20xx.3
<7>袁其剛，《國際商務談判》，山東人民出版社，20xx.2
英語論文開題報告10
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
China plays a much more important role in world economic system along with thedevelopment of economic globalization. Economic globalization not only accelerates our country'seconomic growth, but also promotes the speed of international trade all over the world. Thereforeexcellent business communication competence becomes increasingly important as well. As one ofthe language media business English correspondence aims to link overseas and domestic economicentities, exchange information, communicate with each other and deal with business. It plays anextremely important role in the frequent international trade. It is no exaggeration to say, businessEnglish correspondence is used in every step of business activities.
The course of business English writing has almost expanded into every university curriculum.Both foreign and domestic scholars have done researches on business English correspondencefrom the perspective of lexicon, semantic fields, especially based on corpus. There are two majorlarge-scale corpora on business English. One is Nelson's Business English Corpus (BEC for short)accounting for one million words. The other one is Poly U Business Corpora constructed by HongKong Polytechnic University. The Poly U Business Corpora are made up of three comparablecorpora of Chinese, English and Japanese business texts, the majority of which originate from thebusiness and finance sections of newspapers written in those languages, covering news and reportsfrom auditing and accounting to insurance and investments. Each of the corpora has more than onemillion words. It is accessible on line for searching key words to see a concordance taken fromPoly U Business English corpus, which is helpful to students and teachers. It is thus obviously thatbusiness English is quite important so that attracts much attention from linguistic researchers. Ithas been an overriding aim of this project to create a resource for researchers to help furtherknowledge of an area which so far has been the research topic of many scholars.
1.2 Significance of the Study
This thesis makes a relatively complete study of business English correspondence from theperspective of lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory. It takes up business Englishcorrespondence as its research topic and aims to propose some feasible strategies in businessEnglish correspondence writing and teaching. The study expected to achieve both theoretical andpractical significance as follows:
First of all, this study will introduce a new research method. Corpus provides a brand newway for the study of language. It breaks through the traditional method of intuitive experiencemethod and turns to the original analysis of natural language in order to provide a firm foundationand data support for language research in various fields. Traditional intuitive experience methodfocuses on personal experience and intuition, manual methods or introspective method whichcould acquire linguistic knowledge only from limited data of language materials. This method ofacquiring linguistic knowledge is not only inefficiency but also more subjective which inevitablyleads a effect on the accuracy of final result. However, corpus-based approach is totally different.Corpus can find the target data quickly by using computer software for scientific analysis, andovercome the limitation of traditional research on the subjectivity and one-sidedness. Thismacroscopic method can carry on a multi-level and all-rounded research on the basis of a largenumber of real data, and effectively promote the new theoretical model and research paradigm. Italso relies on computer science to achieve its powerful function in language searching, andprovides a new method in linguistic research for the majority of language researchers.
Secondly, a clear understanding of lexical grammar theory could be achieved. Language is atool for human communication which inevitably cannot do without meaning expression andunderstanding. Sinclair broke the previous rules of describing vocabulary and grammar in aseparate way. Therefore, a new point of view has been proposed. That is language should bedescribed by using the way combining vocabulary and grammar which opened up a new path forlanguage description based on a corpus. Then he proposed lexical grammar, and believed thatvocabulary and grammar are equally important, in which vocabulary is the starting point forbuilding the language model. The key aspects about the origin of lexical grammar and thewholeness of lexis and grammar will be discussed in detail in next chapter and this study is basedon the theory of lexical grammar to explore the features of business English correspondence fromlexical and syntactic levels.
Thirdly, after a relatively complete study on the business English correspondence, typicallexical and syntactic features could be worked out.
Fourthly, feasible strategies could be proposed to business English correspondence writingand teaching.
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
In this thesis, the study will do some research on business English correspondence andmanage to summarize some common syntactic features of business English correspondence basedon lexical-grammar theory and syntactic theory. This thesis is divided into the following six parts:
Chapter 1, the introduction part is an introduction concerning the theme of the thesis,including a general introduction of the background and significance of the study and theorganization of the whole thesis.
Chapter 2, a literature review is provided in this chapter, which gives out an overview of thecorpus linguistics and business English correspondence. It first introduces business Englishcorrespondence and corpus linguistics briefly, and then gives a comprehensive introduction tothem which are also discussed here for better understanding to the field that the theory will beapplied to. Relevant studies both on Corpus linguistics and business English correspondence arealso presented at the end of each part.
Chapter 3 introduces the theoretical framework which contains four main parts: principles ofbusiness English correspondence, the application in corpus linguistics, lexical grammar andsyntactic theory. Then Sinclair's lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory will be discussed indetail. In the end of this chapter, the writer will talk about the paper's feasibility.
Chapter 4 addresses the research methodology of the study which includes the corpus-basedquantitative and qualitative method, the corpus and instruments used in the study, the proceduresof the study both in relation to data collection and data processing and concordance.
Chapter 5 is the main part of the thesis of which lexical and syntactic features will bediscussed and analyzed in this part. Word length, sentence length, wordlist and some other wordfrequency will be listed and analyzed in detail.
Chapter 6 draws a conclusion of the thesis, which gives a summary to the whole paper.Besides the major findings of the study, it also points out the limitations and difficulties of thepresent study.
2 CONTENTS
Abstract in Chinese
Abstract in English
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
2 Literature Review
2.1 Studies on Business English Correspondence Abroad and at Home
2.2 Studies based on Corpus Linguistics Abroad and at Home
2.3 Summary
3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 Writing Principles of Business English Correspondence
3.2 Lexical Grammar
3.3 Syntactic Theory
4 Methodology
4.1 Corpus-Based Approach
4.2 Research Instruments
4.3 Research Procedures
4.3.1 Data Collection
4.3.2 Data Clean-up
4.3.3 Tokenization
4.3.4 Lemmatization
4.3.5 Part-of-speech Tagging
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Syntactic Complexity Analysis
5.1.1 Analysis of Word Length and Sentence Length
5.1.2 Contrastive Analysis between Content Words and Function Words
5.1.3 Contrastive Analysis between Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence
5.2 Syntactic Pattern Analysis
5.2.1 Passive Voice
5.2.2 Interrogative Sentence
5.2.3 Subjunctive Mood
5.3 Syntactic Feature Analysis
5.3.1 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Request and Comfirmation
5.3.2 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Acceptance and Refusal
5.3.3 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Appreciation and Apology
6 Conclusion
6.1 Major Findings
6.2 Implications for the Study
6.3 Limitations
Acknowledgement
References
Appendix
Papers published in the period of Ph. M. education
進度安排
1.Collecting the related materials and designing theresearch, data analysis: Sep.1st-Dec.31st,20xx
2.Writing the first draft: Jan.1st- Feb.31st, 20xx
3.Writing the second draft:Mar. 1st- Apr. 31st,20xx
4.Writing the final draft: May. 1st- May.31st,20xx
5.Preparing for defense of the thesis: June.1st- June31st,20xx
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英語論文開題報告11
題目：
A Brief Analysis of the Significance of Optimism in Pollyanna
研究目的和意義：
拉伯雷曾經說過：生活是一面鏡子，你對它笑，它就對你笑；你對它哭，它就對你哭。生活在于快樂，然而，現實是我們越來越富有，而大多數人卻越來越過的不快樂。本論文將通過對樂觀主義的定義，緣由及影響的闡述說明保持樂觀主義對自己，對家庭，對社會的重要性及其重要作用。說明隨著生活質量的提高，生活態度也應隨之轉變，也應從悲觀主義向樂觀主義轉換。
國內外研究現狀和發展趨勢：
長久以來，大多數研究都是針對沮喪抑郁等心理疾病，很少研究樂觀心理。據哈佛大學公開課講師泰勒、本—沙哈爾說，研究沮喪抑郁與研究樂觀心理的比例占28：1。在最近幾十年的研究中，樂觀主義已經成為西方積極心理學的核心概念和研究熱點。但研究的都主要集中在個體身心健康，主觀幸福感上，對于如何在生活中培養人們的樂觀主義精神，更好地提高生活質量尚為缺乏。
國內外大量研究都證實了保持樂觀與身心健康密切相關，Schweizer等人研究結果表明，樂觀是心理健康最重要的預測變量，因為個人樂觀與生活滿意度呈正相關。我國學者袁莉敏，張日異，陶莎在探討大學里的樂觀主義傾向時也證實了這些結論。
今后，人們將會越來越意識到樂觀主義的重要性，越來越注意培養自己的樂觀主義精神。
主要研究內容：
本文旨在分析《波利安娜》所反映的樂觀主義價值觀。首先介紹美國樂觀主義的定義，緣由，歷史文化背景及其發展。然后敘述小說主要內容，對當時社會生活文化所產生的影響及不同時期人們對小說的不同看法。再次通過對主人公的樂觀主義性格分析，從自身，家庭，社會三個方面通過列舉，分析，比較等寫作方法說明保持樂觀主義對個人生活，家庭生活，社會整體的重要意義。主人公的經歷也正證實了這一點，因此我們應該時時刻刻保持樂觀主義精神。
擬采用的研究思路（方法、技術路線、可行性論證等）：
A、研究方法：
1、比較法。
2、分析法。
3、列舉法。
B、技術路線：大體分為3個階段：前期準備，實施階段，后期階段。
前期階段：主要是閱讀一些與樂觀主義及關于其意義相關的書籍和報刊，觀看一些講述心理及社會生活相關的視頻，收集資料，為論文的寫作作準備。實施階段：利用搜集的相關資料及數據，撰寫畢業論文。后期階段：將論文進行多次修訂。
C、可行性論證：
1、相關資料豐富，有充實的理論依據支撐；
2、經驗豐富的指導老師指導；
3、研究線路清晰。
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